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image by Clay Moss, 4 March 2015
See also:
Royal Cape Breton Yacht Club, Sydney, Nova Scotia.
Established 1899 as the
Cape Breton Yacht Club.
18 January 1901. Warrant for plain Blue Ensign.
White burgee edged in red: yellow crown in centre of blue stripe running
diagonally from upper hoist to lower edge.
18 April 1902. Granted title
‘royal’.
1937. Canadian Blue Ensign replaced Blue Ensign.
David
Prothero, 1 February 2015
What is unusual about the 1880 entry?
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg,
3 January 2015
When a warrant is issued it is, as far as I know, not published in the London
Gazette; so why publish the cancellation? I have never seen the cancellation of
any other warrants published in the Gazette, though that may be because it is a
fairly rare event. The cancellation of the warrant was, presumably, connected to
the change in the name of the club, but why did it happen four months before the
new warrant was issued? There just seems to be something strange about the
procedure. When Royal Southampton changed its name to Royal Southern, the
warrant was ‘re-issued’.
David Prothero, 4 January 2015
I went looking for a bit more about that history. What appears to be the 1907
yearbook of the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron,
https://archive.org/details/officersmembersf00roya_0, has an interesting
elaboration on its title page:
"Established 1875.
Date of admiralty
warrant, 9th November 1880,
and 15th May 1894.
Incorporated 1888."
These dates appear to shows this club existed before 1880.
The reason why
the cancellation and new issue were not together, would likely be that the
cancellation of the Royal Halifax warrant was caused by the merger, after which
a new application was made for the Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron.
Now, if
two more or less equal clubs merge, usually the one brings in the name, and the
other the burgee. The current burgee, however, looks very Nova Scotia-related.
Either it's more recent, or the Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron swallowed a moribund
Royal Halifax. I can add to that, that the 1882 yearbook
https://archive.org/details/cihm_67212, lists no members that were in the
club before 1875, foundation date of the Squadron, as if the Royal Halifax
either had no members left or was not considered to be continued in the merged
club. Swallowing the Royal Halifax would have given the Nova Scotia Yacht
Squadron the older establishing date in North America, and it may be they
believed the warrant would carry over as well, which would create a need to be
very clear about the cancellation.
While the latter paragraph is
speculation, it does seem clear that the part the club is vague about is at best
a merger, rather than a name change. I have now even found this mentioned
explicitly at Archives Canada, (http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=999999999_142&l=0&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=199597&rt=1&bill=1),
which is cached
here.
"The Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron (established 1875) merged with the
Royal Halifax Yacht Club in 1880 to form the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron
(incorporated 1888)."
In the 1907 yearbook mentioned above, page 4, the
Earl of Kimberley to the Marquis of Lorne, dated 14th August 1880, confirms that
it pleased Her Majesty to permit the prefix "Royal". So, by the time of the
first warrant, this was indeed the correct name. (In 1882, the Marquis of Lorne
was Commodore of the squadron; I assume this was true for 1880 as well.)
The title page of the yearbook also tell us we're somehow missing a warrant: The
warrant of 15th May 1894 is on pages 4 and 5: Indeed just the Blue Ensign of Her
Majesty's fleet, no mention of a charge. I don't know how it differs from the
1880 version.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 4 January 2015
Concerning the design of the flag, I don't know what the Constitution says
today, but in 1896 it said:
"IV.
Flags.
The Ensign of the Squadron
shall be the Blue Ensign of Her Majesty's Fleet.
The Burgee shall be blue,
with a red cross of St. George, edged white, and the arms of Nova Scotia in the
first quarter.
The Commodore's Flag shall be the Squadron Burgee,
swallow-tailed; the Vice-Commodore's, a similar Burgee, with one white ball in
the third quarter; the Rear-Commodore's, a similar Burgee, with two white balls
in the third quarter."
From this I read the blue in the canton to be that
of the Nova Scotia arms. On the other hand, the colour of the Blue Ensign is not
mentioned, so there's no way to confirm that the Burgee is ensign blue. Anyway:
you have an actual burgee, so that's apparently how this is interpreted.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 4 January 2015
The warrant of 5 May 1894 is not relevant. In 1894 parts of the warrant were
changed, and all clubs that had previously been granted a special ensign were
issued with a new warrant. All were dated 5 May 1894.
I had assumed that
the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron was the Royal Halifax Yacht Club with a new
name, but this is wrong. The merger between the two clubs may have taken place a
little earlier than 1880. A Foreign Office file dated 1 September 1879, [FO
83/1925] lists privileged yacht clubs. Nova Scotia is in the list, Halifax is
not.
I think that the club would originally been called the Nova Scotia
Yacht Club. I have seen nothing specific about this, but ‘Squadron’ seems to be
a title that some British related yacht clubs acquire when granted the title
‘royal’, e.g. Australian Yacht Club, established 1862, became Royal Sydney Yacht
Squadron in 1863; South Australian Yacht Club, established 1869, became Royal
South Australian Yacht Squadron in 1890; Auckland Yacht Club established 1859,
became Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron in 1901.
If all this is correct:
Halifax Yacht Club
Established 19 August 1837. Burgee not known.
1861.
Granted title ‘royal’.
14 April 1862. Admiralty Warrant for plain Blue
Ensign. Burgee not known.
c1880. Merged with Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron.
13 July 1880. Royal Halifax Yacht Club Warrant cancelled.
Nova Scotia
Yacht Club.
Established 1875.
c1880. Merged with Royal Halifax Yacht Club.
14 August 1880. Granted title ‘royal’ and possibly at the same time changed
‘club’ to ‘squadron’.
9 November 1880. Admiralty warrant for plain Blue
Ensign.
Burgee probably as now.
1937. Canadian Blue Ensign replaced Blue
Ensign.
David Prothero, 6 January 2015
This may also indicate that the Royal Halifax was no longer considered an active club, with its privilege withdrawn for that reason. The publication in the London Gazette on 13 July 1880 may have been to make this better known, for reason of whatever status change happened for these clubs at that time.
I'm now able to answer this for the case of the Nova Scotian, with thanks to
The Nova Scotia Legislative Library who preserved the 1876 year book, now
accessible on-line at
https://archive.org/details/cihm_67136. (I'm describing it as a yearbook as
it shares contents with later publications that clearly were year-based. This
(probably first) one doesn't itself list any year-dependent information, though,
so it may be that several years passed before a second edition was published.)
The title page of this work reads:
"Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron.
Constitution, By-Laws, Sailing Regulations, &c., &c., &c.
Halifax, N. S.
Printed by Wm. Macnab, 12 Prince Street, 1876."
Indeed, the first article
of the constitution confirms that "This association shall be known as the Nova
Scotia Yacht Squadron [...]"
From this it's obvious that the Nova Scotian
was indeed a "Squadron" well before becoming "Royal". It may be the prefix was
anticipated at the time of the naming, if the intention was to replace the Royal
Halifax, but as this is likely their first constitution in print, they would
seem to have been named "Squadron" from the start, and they obviously were named
so before the events that lead to them adopting the Halifax' history.
The
book contains more flag-related matter:
By-laws article I is left blank. In
later editions of the year book this article describes the flags of the
association. Though it's possible that the by-laws were adopted with such an
article at the charter meeting, and that this article was then stricken before
the yearbook went to print, It would seem more likely that no flags had been
adopted at the charter meeting or during the remainder of the first calendar
year, but that the intention was to fill in this article on that subject in the
near future.
Apparently no burgee was adopted at the 1875 charter
meeting.
By-laws article XIX is also of some interest, as it lead to
further documentation in later yearbooks:
"XIX.
Each Yacht owner shall
adopt a distinguishing flag, different from that of any other member, to be
described in the Squadron list, and shall sail all matches under the same.
Notice of any alteration in a member's flag to be sent to the Secretary before
the lists for the year are printed."
Sailing regulations article V then
tells us that for a mooring start, a red flag is hoisted as a warning to all
yachts to take their station, then it's replaced by the Blue Peter with first
gun shot as the five minute signal, and then a second guns shot to start. (For a
flying start its just the guns.)
Sailing regulations article XIX again
treats the distinguishing flags:
"Each Yacht must carry her owner's proper
Distinguishing Flag, of a suitable size, at her main top-mast head, same not to
be hauled down unless she gives up the race, in which case it is to be
immediately lowered; if the top-mast be struck or carried away, the Flag must be
re-hoisted in a conspicuous place, as soon as possible."
Sailing
regulations article XXII finally tells us that for protests "a Flag" should be
should be shown "conspicuously in the main rigging" and kept flying there.
Though the distinguishing flags are to be described in the Squadron list,
that list didn't at this time form part of the year book. What is shown clearly
is that, though we often informally describe such flags as "yacht flags", they
are really the flags of their owners. If a yacht would have changed hands, the
flag it carried would have changed as well.
We also can see here the
importance of the system of distinguishing flags: Though it recalls the system
of arms, with all the effort heralds had to put into it, it did create a system
of unique identifiers for the participants in a race. The commercial code could
only identify the name of a vessel, which might occasionally cause clashes in
identification. The distinguishing flags identified the owner, and since no
owner was allowed to enter two yachts in the same race, this identification was
unique.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 7 January 2015
The Nova Scotia Legislative Library has preserved the 1879 year book:
https://archive.org/details/cihm_67137. The 1876 book apparently was an
oblong sextodecimo; this one looks like an upright octodecimo: a narrow format,
but since these are single sheet booklets it gives them four more pages: from 32
to 36. From the contents it would appear that the book has now become a true
yearbook, listing among other topics the programme for that year and the club's
officers.
The title page now reads:
"Nova Scotia
Yacht Squadron.
Constitution, By-Laws, Sailing Regulations, &c., &c., &c.
Halifax, N. S.
Printed by William Macnab, 12 Prince Street, 1879."
The name of the club
is not split just because of the narrow page; the second part is printed much
larger, with more embellishments. The message seems to be that this association
wants to be "The" Yacht Squadron, with Nova Scotia as their territory.
By-laws article I is now filled in:
"I.
The Ensign of the Squadron shall
be the Ensign of Her Majesty's Fleet. The Burgee shall be blue, with a red cross
edged white, and the Arms of Nova Scotia in the upper corner. The Commodore's
flag shall be a red swallow-tail burgee, with the arms of the Province in the
centre. The Vice-Commodore's flag shall be a white swallow-tail burgee with the
arms of the Province in the centre. The Rear-Commodore's flag shall be a white
swallow-tail burgee with the arms of the Province in the centre. All yachts are
required, when cruising or accompanying a race, to fly the Squadron Burgee and
Ensign. All yachts must have on board the three flags required to make their
number in the Squadron List, and the Answering Pendant. Flag-Officers must have
on board a complete set of signals (Commercial code)."
This answers the
question whether the burgee existed before 1880. Note that again part of the
articles has been left blank. Where previous the expectation was that the book
owner would have to fill in the adopted flags, now it is left to the owner to
fill in the colour of the ensign. Apparently, the intention was to get a warrant
for an ensign different from the Red. Indeed, when the article speaks of the
requirement to fly "the Squadron Burgee and Ensign", this obviously is not a
reference to the Red, which would have to be flown anyway if no other ensign was
allowed. Instead, it appears a special Squadron Ensign was foreseen.
Also, note that at this time, the officers' flags followed the colour system,
which in the USA eventually became the norm. It wasn't until later, apparently,
that they switched to the counting system, which became the norm in the UK.
Article XIX (distinguishing flags) has become article XIV but is otherwise
unchanged.
The squadron had now adopted the Yacht Racing Association
sailing rules, which replace their own rules in the book. (It may be this is the
English YRA, founded in 1875.) This has its consequences for the flags used:
Sailing rules article 17 now tells us that, for all types of start, a
preparative flag is hoisted half an hour before the race: Commercial code
B for the first race, Commercial code C for the second etc.. This is replaced by
the Blue Peter with first gun shot as the five minute signal. Then a second gun
and the Blue Peter hauled down mark the start. (Since the Commercial Code had no
vowels, the preparative for the first race is the first flag of the code etc..
This also means the system gets into trouble if there are more than 11 races, as
the twelfth flag is the Blue Peter, the five minute signal.)
Article 30
now tells us that for protests "an Ensign", rather than any flag, should be
should be shown "conspicuously in the main rigging".
The Commodore for
1879 is "His Excellency the Marquis of Lorne, K.T., G.C.M.G., &c., &c.
Governor-General of Canada." Since the Constitution of 1876 already explicitly
excluded the Commodore from those being elected on the year meeting, and no
other means of selecting a Commodore is described, I expect he had been
Commodore since the foundation.
The List of Yachts is included as well,
which demonstrates that the possibility of a name clash in not just theoretical:
It lists two vessels called "Dauntless". These would have the same signal in the
Commercial Code (In 1866 this was "1st 2581", but it can't check whether this
was still true..), but since they have different owners they have unique
distinguishing flags.
At the end of the book follow three pages of
"Useful Information", being information on flags from an unidentified print of
Kemp's. Considering that the club didn't have an Admiralty warrant, it would
seem noteworthy that almost a full page's worth is about exactly that: Warrants
and special ensigns. Additionally, there's a paragraph on the prefix "Royal",
and how it does not give Ensign privileges.
In 1879, this would not have
been a matter of a printed photocopy still including less relevant parts. To be
printed in this book, it must have been specifically selected and set.
Apparently, at the start of 1879 a special ensign was at the front of the
members' minds.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 9 January 2015
I first found an entry referring to the Halifax Yacht Club in the New York
Clipper of Saturday 31 May 1862:
"The Halifax N.S. Yacht Club -- The Lords of
the Admiralty have issued a warrant authorising the Royal Halifax Yacht Club to
wear the Blue Ensign of Her Majesty's Fleet and a Burgee with the distinguishing
mark of the Club thereon. Major General Doyle has become a patron of the Club."
http://fultonhistory.com/Process Small/Newspapers/New York NY Clipper 1853 -
1924/New York NY Clipper 1860-1864 pdf/New York NY Clipper 1860-1864 -
0844.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffd24f7671&DocId=8509214&Index=Z%3a%5cIndex%20O%2dG%2dT%2dS&HitCount=4&hits=ae8+ae9+aea+aeb+&SearchForm=C%3a%5cinetpub%5cwwwroot%5cFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf
I don't know whether all warrants speak of "a Burgee with the distinguishing
mark of the Club", but otherwise, this gives as a design for the burgee a field
with a mark.
But then ...
There seems to be a tendency of Almanacs in
coastal areas to become more and more naval oriented over the years. Even though
starting as farmers tools, as the same moon that governs the farms also governs
the tides, tide tables are easily added. This then attracts new customers that
could also use information on ports, which attracts even more naval customers,
etc. ...
Belcher's Farmer Almanack seems to have followed this
development as well, as for 1864 it includes the signals from the Ship's Staff
at Citadel Hill, Halifax. And in that section, on page 50, is mentioned the
Royal Halifax Yacht Club:
Ensign--Blue
Commodore--Blue Burgee, centre
a gold crown.
Vice-Commodore--Blue Burgee, centre a gold Crown, with a white
ball in the upper corner
Rear-Commodore--Blue Burgee, centre a gold Crown,
two white balls in the upper corner
Club Burgee--Blue, with the Provincial
Flag in the upper corner.
https://archive.org/details/cihm_28479
Now, that tells us about
after the changes. But the crown in the officers' flags might refer to the
prefix, with older flags showing a different design. The Almanack has a longer
history, but unfortunately it's only after these events that the flags get a
mention, starting with the 1863 entry, which is equal to the 1864 version.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 10 January 2015
The Halifax Yacht Club was incorporated by an act of the Legislature in 1860, and in 1870 its name was changed by an amending act to "The Royal Halifax Yacht Club."
Royal Halifax:
- 1877: Last year mentioned for membership candidates
(Archives Canada)
- 7 March 1878: Last annual meeting found mentioned so far.
- 1 September 1879: Not listed by Foreign Office
- 23 September 1879:
Execution issued, but not satisfied.
- 13 July 1880: Cancellation of the
warrant is gazetted.
Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 11 January 2015
The yearbook of 1881, the first under the warrant (or new warrant) and with
the "Royal" prefix. And it does bring its share of new information.
https://archive.org/details/cihm_64935
The title page now reads:
"Royal
Nova Scotia
Yacht Squadron.
Station:--Halifax.
Formed 1875.
Date of Admiralty
Warrant, 9th November, 1880.
Constitution, By-Laws,
Sailing Regulations, &c., &c., &c."
[Then a note that rule changes will be
printed as update slips.]
"Halifax, N. S.
Printed by John Bowes and
Sons.1881."
Obviously, Constitution article I has changed to say that
"This Association shall be known as the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, ..."
By-laws article I has changed as well:
"I.
The Ensign of the Squadron
shall be the Blue Ensign of Her Majesty's Fleet. The Burgee shall be blue, with
a red cross edged white, and the Arms of Nova Scotia in the upper corner. The
Commodore's flag shall be the Squadron Burgee, swallow-tailed; the
Vice-Commodore's, a similar burgee, with one white ball in the lower corner next
the mast ; the Rear-Commodore's, a similar burgee, with two white balls in the
lower corner next the mast. All yachts are required, when cruising or
accompanying a race, to fly the Squadron Burgee and Ensign. All yachts must have
on board the three flags required to make their number in the Squadron List, and
the Answering Pendant. Flag-Officers must have on board a complete set of
signals (Commercial code)."
No real surprises:
The ensign has been
filled it as being the Blue Ensign. Since the burgee existed before this point,
it would not have taken its shade of blue from the Club Ensign, thus it could
have been NS blue at that time. With the other changes to the club, the
officers' flags apparently have changed as well, as they now use balls style.
The location is indicated precisely; it's indicated descriptively here as "the
lower corner next the mast". Later versions have less clear "the third quarter".
Article XIV (distinguishing flags) is unchanged.
The Sailing rules
are now described as having been altered to from the Yacht Racing Associations
rules to agree with the by-laws. (This does not stop them from listing a
provision that was for the 1879 season only.)
What I missed for 1879,
which is still included in 1881, is: Article 4: ... If it's necessary during a
Race to shorten the course, the signal flag denoting the race hoisted under the
White Peter ... shall show that the Race is to finish with the round about to be
completed ...
I'd never before heard of a "White Peter"; we even have
David's remark that there's no such thing.
Now we may add that there is in fact a White Peter. From other references on the
web this would seem to be the name for the complement of the Blue Peter: white
with a centred blue rectangle: S. I expect the name was derived from that of the
Blue Peter, but if anyone knows more...
Included on page 30 is
"Extract from Admiralty Circular, letter L M M, 1st August, 1878."
I don't
know whether this was the effect of the application for a warrant, or the cause
for it, though.
More interesting is on the next page:
"Extract from
Admiralty Letter of 24th June, 1880, Notifying Grant of Warrant to N.S.Y.S. to
Wear the Blue Ensign of H. M. Fleet. L.
------
598.
'' On granting
this Warrant, my Lords desire me to state
'' that they must stipulate for the
warrant to be returned
'' for cancelling should the Yachts of the Squadron be
'' reduced below ten in number, of which more than half are
'' vessels under
fifteen tons.''
Interesting to see this limitation in itself (which would
allow a club consisting of a single vessel that happened to be fifteen tons to
retain the warrant). This would also suggest that this might be the normal,
ungazetted way of cancelling a warrant: It's simply returned to the admiralty
and nothing more is said about it.
But I would also draw attention to the
date and the name: The letter is notifying of the grant on 24 June 1880, and the
grant it speaks of is to the non-royal squadron. Then on 14 August 1880, the
Earl of Kimberley informs the Marquis of Lorne of the prefix and in December a
new warrant is issued for the new name? If so, is this the date for the first
warrant, or could that already have been in the 1879 season?
Peter Hans
van den Muijzenberg, 12 January 2015