Last modified: 2015-11-19 by ivan sache
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![[Flag of Narbonne]](../images/f/fr-11-na.gif)
Municipal flag of Narbonne - Image by Ivan Sache, 28 November 2009
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The municipality of Narbonne (50,776 inhabitants in 2006; 17,296 ha) is located between Montpellier and Perpignan. Narbonne has the biggest municipal territory among the municipalities in Region Languedoc- Roussillon, of which only one fourth is urbanized, mostly as the town of Narbonne, located 10 km west of the coast, and the sea resort of Narbonne-Plage (Narbonne-Beach).
Narbonne was founded around 118 BC by Decree of the Roman Senate after
the conquest of the territories located west of river Rhône. Located
between Italy and Spain on a crossroads of two important ways, the Via
Domitia and the Via Aquitania, and close to the mouth of river Aude
(then knon as Atax), the colony was so strategic that Triumvir Julius
Caesar refounded it in 35 BC. Settled by veterans from the 10th Legion
who were allocated plots of land, the colony of Narbo Martius was
described by Cicero as "the observatory and stronghold of the Roman
people". Placed under the protection of Mars, God of War, Narbo
Martius was used as a base of operations by the Roman army.
Around 27 BC, Emperor August made of Narbonne the capital of the
Province of Gallia Narbonensis (aka Provincia Nostra, "Our Province",
often shortened to Provincia, and the remote origin of the name of
Provence). The colony became a wealthy town with a forum and a temple
dedicated to the Imperial cult.
In the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was threatened by the barbarian invasions. Left uprotected until then, Narbonne was surrounded by a 1,600-m long wall separating an urban area of 17 ha (cité) from the other boroughs of the town (bourg). While the number of towers defending the wall is not known, there were only two gates, in the northern and southern entrances of the town. The stones used to build the wall were mostly picked up from the big funerary monuments erected outside the town during the Pax romana period. According to Sidonius Appollinaris, the wall stil existed in 465, but had been severely damaged during the siege of the town by the Visigoths in 436-437.
Eventually conquered by the Visigoths in 461, Narbonne became the
capital of Septimania; the Carolingian reconquest of the area in the
8th century was secured by the set up of the Viscounty of Narbonne,
nominally vassal of the County of Toulouse. Viscountess Ermengarde
reigned from 1134 to 1192, inviting in her brilliant court the most
famous trobadours of the times.
In the 12th-13th centuries, Narbonne was a wealthy river and sea port.
The bourg developed as a new town protected by its own walls,
separated from the cité by the Old Bridge (Pontus vetus). Narbonne
was ran by three competiting powers, the Viscount, the Archbishop and
the Consuls. Strictly controlled by the Archbishop, Narbonne was
hardly contaminated by Catharism and was, accordingly, not damaged
during the Albigensian Crusade, in spite of the unsuccessful claim by
Simon of Montfort to be appointed Duke of Narbonne.
In autumn 1355, Narbonne was attacked by the Black Prince. According
to Froissart's Chronicle, the old Roman wall resisted but the
assaulters oculd seize the bourg; the walls were revamped and adapted
to artillery. In the middle of the 15th century, Narbonne gained
again strategic significance because of the emergence of the Spanish
power. In 1507, King of France Louis XII purchased the Viscounty of
Narbonne from his nephew, Gaston of Foix, making of Narbonne "the key
and guard of the whole of our country of Languedoc". Appointed
Archbishop and Governor of Narbonne, Cardinal Briçonnet completely
transformed the town. After the disaster of Pavia (1525), King Francis
I gave up his international ambitions and fortified the border of the
Kingdom of France, Bayonne and Narbonne becoming the most important
fortified towns on the southern boundary of France. Designed by
Italian architects and reusing again Roman stones, the bastioned
fortifications of Narbonne, among the earliest in France, made of the
town an "open air museum"; Francis I, fond of the Italian Renaissance,
is said to have supervized himself the revamping of the new
fortifications, which he visited in 1533 and 1542. The new wall was
3.5 km long and enclosed an area of 46 ha, including both the cité
and the bourg.
Achieved in 1615, the fortifications of Narbonne were a part of the
"Iron Belt" that protected France from the Spaniards. In 1637, the
Spaniards besieged the castle of Leucate and reached the outskirts of
Narbonne. A counter-attack prevented them to besiege the town. In
1659, the Treaty of Pyrenees allocated Roussillon to France, moving
the border with Spain far southwards and making of Narbonne a "second
rank fortified town", with little strategic significance. At the end
of the 17th century, two more gates were built to facilitate trade in
the town.
Narbonne economicaly and demographically declined in the 18th century,
being too far from the canal linking the Mediterranean Sea and the
Atlantic Ocean (Canal du Midi). Considered as obstacles to the
development of the town, several parts of the fortifications were
suppressed.
In 1840-1850, the progress of viticulture and the industrial
revolution started a new Gilded Age for Narbonne. The building of the
railway line, factories, and wealthy houses by the wine traders,
required the suppression of the obsolete fortifications.
Decommissioned in June 1867, the fortifications were progressively
suppressed and replaced by boulevards, a process which was achieved in
1884, restoring Narbonne as the open town it had been in the Roman
period. Fortunately, the Archeology and Literature Commission of
Narbonne was able to preserve several documents, mostly Roman engraved
stones, kept in the Lapidary Museum, the richest in France, housed in
a former church.
The wine crisis that broke out in 1905 caused poverty in all Languedoc
and the uprising known as the 1907 Winegrowers' Uprising. On 5 May
2007, 100,000 demonstrators gathered in Narbonne, supported by the
Mayor of the town, Ernest Ferroul (1853-1921); Socialist, "Doctor of
the Poors" and poet, Ferroul was the spokeman and tribune of the
winegrowers, founding the General Confederation of the South
Winegrowers. On 19 June, Ferroul was arrested and jailed in
Montpellier; the next day, the army shot again, killing six, including
Cécile Bourrel, aged 20, who went to the market of Narbonne (recalled by the song Cecila, by Yves Rouquette).
Narbonne is the birth town of the poet Joê Bousquet (1897-1950); shot
during the First World War, Bousquet spent all the rest of his life in
a his room at Carcassonne (now the museum La Maison des Mémoires),
writing poems, managing a literature review and exchanging letters
with other famous writers. Another little- known poet born in
Narbonne, Pierre Reverdy (1889-1960) moved to Paris in 1916 where he
met the Dadaist and Surrealist groups; he retired in 1927 at the abbey
of Solesmes, where he wrote his best poems.
The most famous poet of Narbonne is Charles Trenet (1913-2001),
nicknamed "The Singing Madman". During his long career, Trenet has
composed and performed songs that are now considered as national or
even international standards (Fleur bleue, 1937; Y'a d'la joie,
1937; Boum !, 1938; Que reste-t-il de nos amours ?, 1942; Douce
France, 1943; La Mer [Beyond the Sea], 1948; L'âme des poètes,
1951; Le Jardin extraordinaire, 1957; Narbonne mon amie, 1961).
Narbonne is a stronghold of rugby. Rugby Club Narbonne Méditerranée
(RCNM) was founded in 1907 as Racing Club Narbonnais (RCN). National
champion in 1936 and 1979 and nine times winner of Challenge Yves du
Manoir (~ French Cup), RCNM plays now in ProD2 (Second League).
Several players from RCNM have played for the French team, the must
famous of them being Walter Spanghero, Jo Maso, François Sangalli,
Didier Codorniou, Franck Tournaire and Jean-Baptiste Poux. Born in
Narbonne, the colourful prop forward Amédée Domenech (1933-2003), aka
"The Duke", never played for RCNM.
Sources:
Ivan Sache, 28 November 2009
The flag of Narbonne, as hoisted in front of the municipal theater / congress hall, is vertically divided blue-red.
The colours of the flag are taken from the municipal arms, Parti: au
premier, de gueules à une clef d'or; au deuxième, de gueules à une
croix primatiale d'argent; au chef de France ("Per pale; 1. Gules a
key or; 2. Gules an archiepiscopal cross argent; a chief azure three
fleurs de lis or".).
According to Borel d'Hauterive (Histoire des armoiries des villes de
France), these arms are shown in the Armorial Général (1697), without
mention of the partition (De gueules, à la clef d'or en pal,
senestrée d'une croix patriarchale d'argent, et au chef de France).
Gules plain was the arms of the Viscounts of Narbonne. The key
symbolizes the municipal power while the cross recalls the Archbishops
of Narbonne. The chief of France indicates that Narbonne was among the
"good towns" of the Kingdom of France, even if it was not!
Ivan Sache, 28 November 2009
![[Flag of Narbonne]](../images/f/fr-11-n1.gif)
Flag of Narbonne in the "Book of All Kingdoms" - Image by Eugene Ipavec, 17 January 2010
The "Book of All Kingdoms" [f0fXX], of
1350, tells the voyages of an anonymous Castilian friar and is
illustrated with 113 flag images, referred to (though seldom described) in
the text.
The 25th flag mentioned and illustrated in the "Book" is attributed to Narbonne.
The 2005 Spanish illustrated transcription of the "Book" [f0f05] shows a white flag with a red cross whose arms have three-lobed petal-like ends and on each corner a ponty wedge pointing to the center; the flag is shown in the ogival default shape of this source.
The anonymous author of the "Book" describes the flag thusly: El
señ d'ella á por señales un pendón blanco con una cruz bermeja come la de Tolosa, e en cada cuarto una tal señal (Its lord has for device a white pendon with a red cross like the one of Toulouse and on each corner a symbol like this.) The said Toulouse flag, #5 in this source, shows a very different design, but the design shown for Narbonne matches much better the Occitan flag as we know it.
António Martins, 15 November 2007