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Chios (Municipality, Greece)

Χίος

Flag of Chios - Image by Olivier Touzeau, 3 February 2015

Presentation of Chios
Flag of Chios

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Presentation of Chios

The municipality of Chios (51,930 inhabitants in 2011, 84,250 ha) was formed in the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities of Agios Minas (Άγιος Μηνάς, 2,686 inh.), Amani (Αμανή, 983 inh.), Chios (23,779 inh.), Ionia (Ιωνία, 4,650 inh.), Kampochora (Καμπόχωρα, 3,154 inh.), Kardamyla (Καρδάμυλα, 2,9221 inh.), Mastichochoria (Μαστιχοχώρια, 4,744 inh.) and Omiroupoli (Ομηρούπολη, 7,335 ha).

Chios is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea, 7 km off the Anatolian coast. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is "The mastic island".

By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a monarchy, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly tyrannic) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Chios was one of the original twelve member states of the Ionian League. Chios, at the end of the 7th century BC, was one of the first cities to mint coins, establishing the sphinx as its specific symbol. It maintained this tradition for almost 900 years.
In the 6th century BC Chios' government adopted a constitution similar to that developed by Solon in Athens. In 546 BC Chios became subject to the Persian Empire. Chios joined the Ionian Revolt against the Persians in 499 BC. The defeat of Persia at the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC meant the liberation of Chios from Persian rule. When the Athenians formed the Delian League Chios joined as one of the few members who did not have to pay tribute but instead supplied ships to the alliance.
In 412 BC during the Peloponnesian War Chios revolted against Athens and the Athenians besieged it. Relief only came the following year when the Spartans were able to raise the siege. In the 4th century BC Chios was a member of the Second Athenian Empire but revolted against Athens during the Social War (357-355 BC), and Chios became independent again until the rise of Macedonia. Chios was dominated by Macedonia until the Third Macedonian War and Roman conquest.

After the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395, Chios was for six centuries part of the Byzantine Empire. This came to an end when the island was briefly held (1090Ð1097) by Tzachas, a Turkish bey in the region of Smyrna during the first expansion of the Turks to the Aegean coast. However, the Turks were driven back from the Aegean coast by the Byzantines aided by the First Crusade, and the island was restored to Byzantine rule by Admiral Constantine Dalassenos. This relative stability was ended by the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade (1204) and during the turmoil of the 13th century the island's ownership was constantly affected by the regional power struggles. After the Fourth Crusade, Chios became nominally a possession of the Republic of Venice but the island reverted to Byzantine rule in 1225.
Through the Treaty of Nymphaeum, authority was ceded to the Republic of Genoa (1261). At this time the island was frequently attacked by pirates, and by 1302Ð1303 was a target for the renewed Turkish fleets. To prevent Turkish expansion, the island was reconquered and kept as a renewable concession, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus, by the Genovese Benedetto I Zaccaria (1304), then admiral to Philip of France. Zaccaria installed himself as ruler of the island, founding the short-lived Lordship of Chios. Effective control remained in the hands of the local Greek landowners. Benedetto Zacharia was followed by his son Paleologo and then his grandsons or nephews Benedetto II and Martino. They attempted to turn the island towards the Latin and Papal powers, and away from the predominant Byzantine influence. The locals, still loyal to the Byzantine Empire, expelled the Zacharia family from the island (1329) and dissolved the fiefdom.
In 1346, a chartered company was set up in Genoa to reconquer and exploit Chios and the neighbouring town of Phocaea in Asia Minor. The island was invaded by a Genoese fleet, led by Simone Vignoso. The island remained under Genoese control for two centuries. By 1566, the island was invaded by Ottoman troops and absorbed into the Ottoman Empire.

When the Greek War of Independence broke out, the island's leaders were reluctant to join the revolutionaries, fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. However, in March 1822, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They proclaimed the Revolution and launched attacks against the Turks, at which point islanders decided to join the struggle. Ottomans landed a large force on the island consequently and put down the rebellion. The Ottoman massacre of Chios expelled, killed, or enslaved the inhabitants of the island.
Chios rejoined the rest of independent Greece after the First Balkan War (1912). The Greek Navy liberated Chios in November 1912 in a hard fought but brief amphibious operation. Turkey recognized Greece's annexation of Chios and the other Aegean islands by the Treaty of London (1913).

Olivier Touzeau, 3 February 2015

Flag of Chios

The flag of Chios (photo, photo); Kokkonis website) is white with the emblem and the name of the municipality.

Olivier Touzeau, 3 February 2015